The NZCCO believes that all 13 ports should be regarded as critical infrastructure. Even the smallest ports play a critical role in their regional supply chains. There is some criticism of New Zealand for having too many international seaports but from a resilience perspective having this network is a positive for the nation. Even under the hub and spoke model for New Zealand’s ports – which is developing and will continue to develop driven by market forces – all ports, whether they are an international or a coastal port are still required.